Cryogenic Valve

It generally is accepted in the oil and gas industry that the cryogenic temperature range starts at -238° F (-150° C). In addition to this temperature range, certain gases are considered “cryogenic” because they take more than just an increase in pressure to compress their volume. Anything warmer than the cryogenic range up to 37° F (3° C) is called “refrigeration.

Understanding where cryogenic temperatures start is very important to valve selection. There are a number of things to understand about cold temperatures when considering how to select a valve that will work over a long period of time.

While there are not strict guidelines for valve type in cryogenic service, there is a trend to select quarter-turn ball valves for their tight shut-off capabilities. This quarter-turn motion is also found in high-performance and triple offset butterfly valves. For larger valve sizes, gate valves often are utilized over ball valves, because ball valves can be more costly. However, with a ball valve, you pay more up front,” but will save more later on in terms of valve performance over time. As for the type of piping connections, flange and welded configurations are used mostly for cryogenic service, although customer preference typically determines which type is used.

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Cryogenic Trunnion Mounted Ball Valves

Cryogenic Gate and Globe Valves

Cryogenic Swing Ceck Valves

Highlights of the Valves

Specification

• API 6D, API 600, API 599, API 598, API 608, API 602, ASME B16.10, ASME B16.5, ASME B16.47 (Serie A and Serie B) and MSS SP44 are the key specifications covering the dimensions and the manufacturing tolerances of valves.

• ASTM A105, A182, A216, A217, A351, A352, A494 are the common materials related to valves.

• MSS SP25 covers the marking system.

• ASTM A 703 /A 703M IS Speciﬁcation for Steel Castings, General Requirements, for Pressure-Containing Parts

• ASTM A 487 /A 487M is Speciﬁcation for Steel Castings Suitable for Pressure Service

• ASTM A 985 /A 985M is Speciﬁcation for Steel Investment Castings General Requirements, for Pressure-Containing Parts.

• API 6F is About recommended practice for fire test for valves.

Pressure Test

• Normally, valves are pressure tested by the factory to check for leaks before they’re shipped. The type and method of testing conforms to one or more of many different standards. The purpose of these tests and the expected results are often misunderstood and misapplied, resulting in unnecessary delays and unanticipated costs. The most common standard for pressure test is API D and API 598.

Disadvantage

• Valves are the most sensitive item comparing with other piping material so should be chosen carefully, for every services the engineering team should chose right type and right material in order to avoiding any failure.

• For flange end valves, Each flange connection can leak (some people claim that a flange connection is never 100 percent leak proof).

Cost

• Comparing with other piping components (flange, fittings and pipe), valve is the most expensive one because of internal parts and different manufacturing process.

Size

• FROM 0.5'' TO 72'‘

• conformity with the customers drawing

Other Properties

• Valves vary widely in form and application. Sizes typically range from 0.1 mm to 60 cm. Special valves can have a diameter exceeding 5 meters.

• Valve costs range from simple inexpensive disposable valves to specialized valves which cost thousands of US dollars per inch of the diameter of the valve.

• Disposable valves may be found in common household items including mini-pump dispensers and aerosol cans.

• A common use of the term valve refers to the poppet valves found in the vast majority of modern internal combustion engines such as those in most fossil fuel powered vehicles which are used to control the intake of the fuel-air mixture and allow exhaust gas venting.

Materials

Forged carbon Steel valves: ASTM A105/ A105M

Forged carbon Steel valves For low Temprature Service: ASTM A350/ A350M (LF1, LF2, LF3, LF5, LF6, LF9, LF 787)

Forged Alloy Steel and Stainless Steel valves For High Temprature Service: ASTM A182/ A182 M-98ª(F 304, F 304H, F 304L, F 304N, F304 LN, F 309H, F310, F 310H, F 310 MoLN, F 316, F 316H, F 316L, F 316N, F 316LN, F 317, F 317L, F 347, F 347 H, F 348, F 348 H, F 321, F321 H)

Forged Duplex Steel valve : ASTM A182 (F 50, F 51, F 52, F 53M F 54, F 55, F 57, F 59, F 60, F 61, F 904L)

ASTM A352/ A352M (LCA, LCB, LCC, LC1, LC2, LC2-1, LC3,LC4, LC9(J31300), CA6NM)

ASTM A351/ A351 M (CF8(F304), CF3(F304L), CF3M(F316L), CF8M(F316))

ASTM A217/ A217 M-98a( WC1, WC4, WC5, WC6, WC9, WC11, C5, C12, C12A,

ASTM A351/ A351 M (CN7M, CD4MCu, CG8M, CK3MCuN)

SA-494/ SA-494 M(UNS N02100, UNS N24135, UNS N04020, UNS N24030, UNS N24025, UNS N24130, UNS N30012, UNS N30007, UNS N30003, UNS N06040, UNS N30002, UNS N30107, UNS N26455, UNS N26625, UNS N26055, UNS N30003, UNS N26022, UNS N08826, UNS N26059)

Standard

API 6D, API 600, API 599, API 598, API 608, API 602, ASME B16.10, ASME B16.5, ASME B16.47 (Serie A and Serie B) and MSS SP44 are the key specifications covering the dimensions and the manufacturing tolerances of valves.

API 6D

Specification for Pipeline Valves. API Specification 6D is an adoption of ISO 14313: 1999, Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries-Pipeline Transportation Systems-Pipeline Valves. This International Standard specifies requirements and gives recommendations for the design, manufacturing, testing and documentation of ball, check, gate and plug valves for application in pipeline systems.

API 600

Bolted Bonnet Steel Gate Valves for Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries - Modified National Adoption of ISO 10434:1998.

API 599

Metal Plug Valves - Flanged, Threaded and Welding Ends. A purchase specification that covers requirements for metal plug valves with flanged or butt-welding ends, and ductile iron plug valves with flanged ends, in sizes NPS 1 through NPS 24, which correspond to nominal pipe sizes in ASME B36.10M. Valve bodies conforming to ASME B16.34 may have flanged end and one butt-welding end. It also covers both lubricated and no lubricated valves that have two-way coaxial ports, and includes requirements for valves fitted with internal body, plug, or port linings or applied hard facings on the body, body ports, plug, or plug port.

API 598

The API STANDARD 598: VALVE INSPECTION AND TESTING, covers the testing and inspection requirements for gate, globe, check, ball, plug & butterfly valves. It has acceptable leakage rates for liquid as well as gas testing. All valves built to the various API standards are required to meet API-598 leakage criteria prior to shipment from the manufacturer or supplier.

API 608

Metal Ball Valves - Flanged and Butt-Welding Ends. The standard covers Class 150 and Class 300 metal ball valves that have either butt-welding or flanged ends and are for use in on-off service.

API 602

Compact Steel Gate Valves - Flanged, Threaded, Welding, and Extended-Body Ends. The standard covers threaded-end, socket-welding-end, butt-welding-end, and flanged-end compact carbon steel gate valves in sizes NPS4 and smaller.

BS 1873

British Standard Institute: Specification for steel globe and globe stop and check valves (flanged and butt-welding ends) for the petroleum, petrochemical and allied industries.

ASME B16.10

Face to Face & End to End Dimensions of Valves.

ASME B16.5

ASME B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings: NPS 1/2 through NPS 24 Metric/Inch Standard covers pressure-temperature ratings, materials, dimensions, tolerances, marking, testing, and methods of designating openings for pipe flanges and flanged fittings. Included are: flanges with rating class designations 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, and 1500 in sizes NPS 1/2 through NPS 24 and flanges with rating class designation 2500 in sizes NPS 1/2 through NPS 12.

ASME B16.47 (Serie A and Serie B), MSS-SP44

Large Diameter Steel Flanges, NPS 26 through NPS 60 Metric/Inch Standard, Weld Neck, Slip-On, Blind. Class 150 to Class 900.

ASTM A703/ A703M

This specification covers steel castings, general requirements, for pressure-containing parts. The steel shall be made by open-hearth or electric-furnace process, with or without separate refining such as argon-oxygen-decarburization (AOD), unless otherwise designated by the individual specification. Ferritic and martensitic steel shall be cooled after pouring to provide substantially complete transformation of austenite prior to heat treatment to enhance mechanical properties. The material shall conform to the specified chemical composition requirements. An analysis of each heat shall be made by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elements specified. The mechanical test methods and definitions are presented in details. One tension test shall be made from each heat, and shall conform to the tensile requirements specified. Test coupons shall be cast from the same heat as the castings represented, except that for investment castings, the test coupons shall be cast in the same type of mold as the castings. After machining, each casting shall be tested under specified hydrostatic shell test pressures in the applicable steel rating for which the casting is designed.

ASTM A487/ A703M

This specification covers low-alloy steel and martensitic stainless steels in the normalized and tempered, or quenched and tempered conditions, suitable for pressure-containing parts. All castings shall receive the specified heat treatment requirement: austenitizing temperature, medium, quenching cool, and tempering temperature. Preliminary heat treatment and multiple tempering are permitted. Recording-type pyrometers shall be used to control the furnace temperature. The steel shall conform to the required chemical composition for carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, boron, and copper. Residual elements include: copper, nickel, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, and vanadium. Tensile properties of the steel shall conform to the requirements for tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, hardness, and maximum thickness. Product analysis tolerance is specified. Repair by welding may be done.

ASTM A985/ A985M

This specification covers a group of common requirements that are mandatory for steel castings produced by the investment casting process for pressure-containing parts. Master heats shall be made by the electric furnace process with or without separate refining such as argon-oxygen-decarburization (AOD), vacuum-oxygen degassing (VOD), vacuum-induction-melting (VIM). Ferritic and martensitic steel shall be cooled after pouring to provide complete transformation of austenite prior to heat treatment to enhance mechanical properties. Chemical, heat, and product analyses shall be performed and the chemical composition thus determined shall conform to the prescribed values in carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, tungsten, copper, and aluminum. Tensile testing shall be done on the castings and shall meet the required yield and tensile strength, elongation, and reduction of area. Each casting shall also be tested after machining to hydrostatic shell pressure test and shall not show any leaks.

API 6F

API 6F is About recommended practice for fire test for valves.