Standards

Process plants designed and constructed to the ASME B31.3 code also rely on the standardization of the components used for piping systems and the method of process plant fabrication and construction. There are numerous standards, many of which are interrelated, and they must be referred and adhered to by design engineers and manufacturers in the process industry. These standards cover the following:

• Material: chemical composition, mechanical requirements, heat treatment, etc.

• Dimensions: general dimensions and tolerances.

• Fabrication codes: welding, threading.

Standards covering the preceding were drawn up by the following major engineering bodies:

• American Petroleum Institute (API).

• American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).

• American Water Works Association (AWWA).

• American Welding Society (AWS).

• Manufacturers Standardization Society (MSS).

• National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE).

• Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE).

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Periodically, these standards are updated to bring them in line with the latest industry practices. Most of the standards have been in circulation for a number of years, and the changes are rarely dramatic; however, such changes must be incorporated into the design. It is essential that the latest revision is the ﬁnal reference point.

Other countries publish comprehensive standards containing data on material, dimensions of components, and construction procedures; however, for the purpose of this book, the standards mentioned previously are referenced.

American standards are not superior to other national standards, but they are the ones most commonly used in the process industry. They are based on a long track record with a very low failure rate, so there is a high degree of conﬁdence in these publications. Always refer to the latest edition of the relevant standards, and if necessary, make sure your company’s library holds the most current version.

Material Standard for Pipes and Tubes

API Spec 5B: Speciﬁcation for Threading, Gauging and Thread Inspection of Casing, Tubing and Line Pipe Threads

API Spec 5L: Speciﬁcation for Line Pipe

ANSI/API Std 1104: Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities

ANSI/API RP 1110: Pressure Testing of Liquid Petroleum Pipelines

B31.3, Process Piping: This code covers the design of chemical and petroleum plants and reﬁneries processing chemicals and hydrocarbons, water, and steam. It contains rules for the piping typically found in petroleum reﬁneries; chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, paper, semiconductor, and cryogenic plants; and related processing plants and terminals. The code prescribes requirements for materials and components, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, examination, inspection, and testing of piping. This code applies to piping for all ﬂuids, including (1) raw, intermediate, and ﬁnished chemicals; (2) petroleum products; (3) gas, steam, air, and water; (4) ﬂuidized solids; (5) refrigerants; and (6) cryogenic ﬂuids. Also included is piping that interconnects pieces or stages within a packaged equipment assembly.

B36.10: This standard covers the standardization of dimensions of welded and seamless wrought steel pipe for high or low temperatures and pressures. The word pipe is used as distinguished from tube to apply to tubular products of dimensions commonly used for pipeline and piping systems. Pipe NPS 12 (DN 300) and smaller have outside diameters numerically larger than corresponding sizes. In contrast, the outside diameters of tubes are numerically identical to the size number for all sizes.

B36.19: This Standard covers the standardization of dimensions of welded and seamless wrought stainless steel pipe for high or low temperatures and pressures. The word pipe is used, as distinguished from tube, to apply to tubular products of dimensions commonly used for pipeline and piping systems. Pipes NPS 12 (DN 300) and smaller have outside diameters numerically larger than their corresponding sizes. In contrast, the outside diameters of tubes are numerically identical to the size number for all sizes. The wall thicknesses for NPS 14 through 22, inclusive (DN 350–550, inclusive), of Schedule 10S; NPS 12 (DN 300) of Schedule 40S; and NPS 10 and 12 (DN 250 and 300) of Schedule 80S are not the same as those of ASME B36.10M. The suffix “S” in the schedule number is used to differentiate B36.19M pipe from B36.10M pipe. ASME B36.10M includes other pipe thicknesses that are also commercially available with stainless steel material.

AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY A3.0: Standard welding terms and deﬁnitions, including terms for adhesive bonding, brazing, soldering, thermal cutting, and thermal spraying.

A5.01-93R: Filler metal procurement guidelines.

A5-ALL: Filler metal speciﬁcations series plus ﬁller metal procurement guide.

AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION C200-97: Steel water pipe—6 in. (150 mm) and larger.

MANUFACTURERS STANDARDIZATION SOCIETY SP-69: Pipe hangers and supports—selection and application.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CORROSION ENGINEERS MR0175: Metals for sulﬁde stress cracking and stress corrosion cracking resistance in sour oilﬁeld environments.

RP0170: Protection of austenitic stainless steels and other austenitic alloys from polythionic acid stress corrosion cracking during shutdown of reﬁnery equipment.

RP0472: Methods and controls to prevent in-service environmental cracking of carbon steel weldments in corrosive petroleum reﬁning environments.

SOCIETY OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERS SAE J 518: Hydraulic ﬂanged tube, pipe, and hose connections, four-bolt split ﬂange type.

American Society of Testing and Materials The American Society of Testing and Materials speciﬁcations cover materials for many industries, and they are not restricted to the process sector and associated industries. Therefore, many ASTM speciﬁcations are not relevant to this book and will never be referred to by the piping engineer.

We included a number of the most commonly used ASTM speciﬁcations in the Materials page of the products

Some ASTM materials are compatible with speciﬁcations from other countries, such as BS (Britain), AFNOR (France), DIN (Germany), and JIS (Japan). If a speciﬁcation from one of these other countries either meets or is superior to the ASTM speciﬁcation, then it is considered a suitable alternative, if the project certiﬁcations are met.

Material Standard for Pipes and Tubes

ASTM A105

A350 Gr.(LF1, LF2, LF3)

ASTM A182 Gr. (304, 304H, 309, 310, 316, 316L, 317L, 321, 347, 904L)

ASTM A182 Gr.(F 5, F 9, F 11, F 12, F 22, F 91)

ASTM A694 Gr.(F42, F46, F56, F52, F60, F65, F70)

ASTM A182 Gr.(F51, F52, F53, F54, F55, F57, F59, F60, F61),

UNS S31803, S32205, S32760, S32750

ASTM SB 336, ASTM SB 564 / 160 / 163 / 164 / 166 / 472, UNS 2200 (NICKEL 200) , UNS 2201 (NICKEL 201 ) , UNS 4400 (MONEL 400 ) , UNS 8020 ( ALLOY 20 / 20 CB 3 ) , UNS 8825 INCONEL (825) , UNS 6600 (INCONEL 600 ) , UNS 6601 (INCONEL 601) , UNS 6625 (INCONEL 625), UNS 10276 (HASTELLOY C 276)

ASTM SB 111 UNS No. C10100 , C10200 , C10300 , C10800 , C12000, C12200, C70600, C71500,

ASTM SB 466 UNS No. C70600 ( CU -NI- 90/10) , C71500 ( CU -NI- 70/30)

Material Standard for Butt-Welding Fittings

ASTM A234 Gr.(WPB , WPBW)

ASTM A420 Gr.(WPL3 , WPL6)

ASTM A403 WP( 304, 304H, 304L, 309, 310, 316, 316L, 317L, 321, 347, 904L)

ASTM A234 Gr. (WP1, WP5, WP9, WP11, WP12, WP22, WP91(

ASTM A860 Gr.(WPHY 42 - WPHY 46 - WPHY 52 - WPHY 56 - WPHY 60 - WPHY 65 - WPHY 70 - WPHY 80 only as per MSS-SP75(

ASTM A815 Gr.(UNS S31803, S32205, S32760, S32750)

ASTM SB336, UNS10276 (HASTELLOY C276), UNS2200 (NICKEL 200), UNS2201 (NICKEL 201), UNS4400 (MONEL 400), UNS8020 (ALLOY 20), UNS8825 (INCONEL 825), UNS6600 (INCONEL 600), UNS6601 (INCONEL 601), UNS6625 (INCONEL 625), UNS5500 (MONEL K500), UNS8800 (INCONEL 800), UNS8810 (INCONEL 800H)